The physics behind the puzzles

What is Berry phase?

What is magnetic levitation?

What is polarization?

What is electrical circuit?

What is LED?

What is wavelength?

What is refraction?

What is interference?

What is a phase transition?

What is fluorescence?

Who are the mentioned scientists?

What are standing waves?

What is scattering?

What are lasers?

What is quantum teleportation?

What is quantum stasis?